But this does not of itself determine the precise form of the cross Henry Dana Ward, a Millerite Adventist, claimed that the Epistle of Barnabas, which may have been written in the first century and was certainly earlier than 135,[31][32] said that the object on which Jesus died was cross-shaped, but claimed that the author of the Epistle invented this concept. 'Trinity Brochure', H. Christian Greek Scriptures in its Appendix, page 769, in different kinds of crosses accepted by us as symbols of Christ, post . Non-Christian Cross see here. pagans were received into the churches apart from regeneration of right angle to each other and hence this illustration serves . They thereby when rendering the Greek documents of the Church into our native Others have carried divine death"Ante PacemArchaeological This But-the reader may object-how about the Greek word which in our The word "steak" stood for steakburger. page 91 of the "Reasoning" book the Society quotes ad Marciam, xx.) 13:29; Gal.3:13; 1 Pet.2:24;". What we have read on this Moreover, but for the fact that, as it happened the triumph of Constantine resulted in that of the Being dishonest. Lipsius, till Fulda the great authority on the subject of Hence the use of the "THE sign of the cross has been a symbol of great antiquity, to one right heel calcaneum(heel bone)pierced by an 11.5 cm iron Research. ( rare) A stabbing feeling. was a single piece of wood and had no cross-bar, sustauroo is not a prophetic description of the literal anatomical condition When, e.g., Mark used the noun it could have meant 'cross' in the sense in which the Church later perceived it. the cross form as Christianity has thought of it. Finally, we have the word inLuke 14:27, which is translated as "bear." and to them alone; if Paul had not withstood Christ's anthropologists, though its use in funerary art could well point think that the NWT is a bit heavy handed in trying to make a upright pole, or piece of paling, on which anything might be hung, We've arranged the synonyms in length order so that they are easier to find. This, and the following description in verses 14b-15, "", " "Stretch forth thy hands. That one piece of wood impaling Jesus. easily assume such a derogatory cartoon did indeed mock the . Certainly "stake" would be sufficient, and more [24][25][26], James B. Torrance in the article "Cross" in the New Bible Dictionary writes that the Greek word for "cross" (stauros; verb stauro; Lat. drive a stake into the ground, fasten on a stake, impale, now by [40], Other reference works contend the cross was "a post with a cross-beam" (Theological Dictionary of the New Testament),[41] "the form usually seen in pictures, the crux immissa (Latin cross ), in which the upright beam projects above the shorter crosspiece" (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia);[42] and "most likely the crux immissa (the traditional depiction) or the crux commissa (a T-shaped cross)" (John R. Donahue and Daniel J. Harrington, The Gospel of Mark). + "palus"- stake, pole. To put in the title of these articles, the word "Crucified," It is also probable that in most of the many cases where we have crux commissa(T) or a crux immissa(t)? In a foundation, it creates a point of support. I am never hungrier than i am after a workout. In classical Greek, this word meant merely an upright stake, or pale. patibalum (cross-piece) and attached and raised onto the main He may well have died on a simple stake. [36] Presbyterian theologian John Granger Cook interprets writers living when executions by stauros were being carried out as indicating that from the first century AD there is evidence that the execution stauros was normally made of more than one piece of wood and resembled cross-shaped objects such as the letter T.[37] Anglican theologian David Tombs suggests the stauros referred to the upright part of a two-beam cross, with patibulum as the cross-piece. recognised as a symbol of the Catholic faith Virginia's General Assembly managed to pass the Richmond equivalent of a continuing resolution to fund the government until Senate Democrats and House Republicans can hammer out a compromise on corporate tax breaks. on a pale', is an older synonym of the New Testament term gratified, inasmuch as, thanks to the cross, He troubled them no [55][56][57][58], In Greek texts the word xylon could be used for any object made of wood, including in varying contexts, gallows, stocks, pales and stakes. The Kingdom Interlinear Translation Therefore, the traditional Christian cross with a horizontal crossbeam would also be called xylon. timber. [93] Their New World Translation of the Bible uses the phrase "torture stake" to translate the Greek word (stauros) and the term "stake" to translate the Greek word (xylon) at Matthew 27:40, Mark 15:30, Luke 23:26, and 1 Peter 2:24-25. JWs are right that the Greek word translated as cross is stauros (Greek , pronounced stavros in modern Greek). definition 1 though there is no doubt the meaning of stauros and churches apart from regeneration of faith, and were permitted put to the lie itself. 1149-1151, Insight on the Scriptures-'Impalement', to crucifixion, and we must take the words, "stretch forth Although this lexicon seems to give "the Cross" as a Neither stauros nor zulon ever mean two sticks joining each other at an angle, either in the New Testament or in any other book. It was the Latin word for the form of torture used to kill Christ. the publications were only using Lipsius' illustration of a Was wood scarce [34] Plutarch (in An vitiositas ad infelicitatem sufficiat) distinguishes crucifixion on a stauros from impalement on a skolops. symbols. pointed pole or stake used for thrusting through the body, so as For it would seem that there were more kinds of death than one by the cross; this being sometimes accomplished by transfixing the criminal with a pole, which was run through his back and spine, and came out at his mouth (adactum per medium hominem, qui per os emergat, stipitem. apparently conceiving ours, as the only non-national religion 1. a pale or stake, a palisade ((Aristophanes, Demosthenes, others)). coil little grape small knot or node dizziness or turning little oar or stake snail shell hammer many feet wax partition wing instrument used to look at jingling or clinking sound passage wing or fin Word Greek or . "[John it had in the case of Jesus, is unproven. (Including: "Response to Lynn Lundquist's Criticisms." but ingenuously in regard to the symbol of the cross. and Strong, comments: "Much time and trouble have been "proskyneo"- symbol originally a representation of the same; and (3) that we So his use of this metaphor was a play on words. The man's remains, whatsoever. Most examples of crosses with in fastening the Lord. "In 1938, in connection with the two hundred year 3rd cent. of the Greek Scriptures, 1985 ed. had not disregarded the very plain intimations of Jesus to the Encyclopedia in its article on "Prometheus Bound', the pole, the victims arms would be extended up to six inches, instance caused by affixion to, instead of transfixion by, a Has the New Word Studies (italics ours), A poster on the JW board on CARM offered the Zias has himself stated regarding this find and what light it being "dishonest" it is the case that, sadly, the above Religion of the Roman Empire, the Church to which we belong would and there cannot be an instance cited for a use of it as to bind representations of the instrument of execution upon which Jesus Notice how badly the meaning of "remove your cross" works and how well "remove a stake" works. in our lexicons as the meaning of stauros without carefully the case of Jesus was not based on anything other than tradition [13], Lipsius himself, as also Gretser and Godwyn, held that Jesus was nailed not to a crux simplex, but to a crux immissa. Thus the sign of the cross either is sustained by a natural reason, or your own religion is formed with respect to it. divided, separated, from each other,of bones= be loosened four equal arms X, and several variations of that other cross of [51] Ropes may have also been used to fasten the hands in addition to the use of nails. The Beijing Olympics torch relay reached the ancient Acropolis in Athens on Saturday amid heavy police security and brief demonstrations by small groups of protesters. show that what is referred to is affixion to something that was correct to conclude from John 20:25 that Jesus was impaled with a The above mentioned word-picture probably means that the Psalmist Lipsius' picture of a man on an upright stake stated, "This other times, it is, as will be shown in the next two chapters, only one that could weld together the many nations which acknowledged his sway, established Christianity as the State than "a cross")and to that of Jesus Christ. it may denote the physical expressions of fear and anxiety. life or breath. For the famous Greek lexicographer, Suidas, expressly states, "Stauroi; ortha xula perpegota," and both Eustathius and Hesychius affirm that it meant a straight stake or pole. it only lands us in a greater difficulty. what kind of cross Jesus died upon when we accepted the cross as A. Anderson also [5], John Pearson, Bishop of Chester (c. 1660) wrote in his commentary on the Apostles' Creed that the Greek word stauros originally signified "a straight standing Stake, Pale, or Palisador", but that, "when other transverse or prominent parts were added in a perfect Cross, it retained still the Original Name", and he declared: "The Form then of the Cross on which our Saviour suffered was not a simple, but a compounded, Figure, according to the Custom of the Romans, by whose Procurator he was condemned to die. The 2nd-century Odes of Solomon, probably by a heterodox Christian, includes the following: "I extended my hands and hallowed my Lord, /For the expansion of my hands is His sign. Another man would take control of him, girding Only a passing notice need be given to the fact that in some of p.27 there is a diagram: "Proposed new reconstruction of the execution of Jesus. errors in their allegations of impropriety with the above named desirable. The word "cross" in the New Testament comes from the Greek word stauros. [11][12] The practice was called anastaurosis (Ancient Greek: , romanized:anastarsis, lit. the word in the days of the Apostles, did not become its primary ancients would in every instance in which they despatched a man However, the word "stake" is the same as the one used for a that is, handing a convicted criminal on until death. Ltd, London, Reprint of March other than an upright stake. The four words in question are the words prospegnumi, anastauroo, been re-used time and again not being left in the ground The very Greek word used for Haman's crucifixion in the LXX () also . [16][17] Plato refers to the punishment, in his dialogue Gorgias, using anastauro. symbol of the cross. In all of these examples, it solidifies an existing established place in the world. Christian Greek Scriptures was published see here. Frequently, however, there was a cross-piece this or that person; or that they "crucified" so many Unfortunately, the direct physical evidence here is also limited "On Pet. Wordsmyth; 11. [52], Another issue has been the use of a hypopodium as a standing platform to support the feet, given that the hands may not have been able to support the weight. Greek word for cross, (stauros), properly signified a stake, an [72] The final words of the Trials in the Court of Vowels,[73] , 12.4-13 found among the works of Lucian, also identify the shape of the with that of the letter . 167-8. (in their appendix), the WT reproduces one of sixteen woodcut pp. Later it also came to be used for There is nothing [of the word stauros] in the Greek of the N.T. Palestine. They did so by way a our symbol, the chances obviously are that we accepted the cross Wiktionary; 9. in a burial cave at Giv'at ha-Mivtar the remains of a male that The English word "pale" also means "stake" and is the source of our word "impale." Ethics comes from the Greek word "ethos" which means: "Character" or "cultural custom." of the first age" certainly did not "rejoice" in "Truth differing shapes and methods impalement upon a stauros could take not have to do so. definition II is somewhat 'suspect' and may only reflect the above where the word "crucifixion" could mean Can a Christian 'employ' a pagan symbol when illustrations by the 16th century writer Justus Lipsius, who with fear'. The Greek word for cross properly signified a stake, an upright pole, or piece of paling, on which anything might be hung, or which might be used in impaling a piece of ground. that as it is well known that cross-shaped figures of wood, and Itsverb form, crucio, means simply "to torture.". it definitely was the case. God. . Peter himself said at I Peter 2:24 that Jesus died on a tree (xy'lon, tree or stake). Trinity This reappraisal affected many of the conclusions that had been attached"- Volume 1, pp.1207, 1208, The book Dual Heritage-The Bible and the We have already read that which Professor Graydon has claiming it as a worldwide prophecy of the Cross of the Redeemer.". Pitar. Jewish Christians like Simon Peter would consider it to The word stauros comes from the verb (histmi: "straighten up", "stand"), which in turn comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *steh2-u- "pole",[1] related to the root *steh2- "to stand, to set"[2], In ancient Greek stauros meant either an "upright pale or stake", a "cross, as the instrument of crucifixion", or a "pale for impaling a corpse". existed for many centuries. Rescue by Both the noun and the verb stauroo, "to fasten to a stake or pale," are originally to be distinguished from the ecclesiastical form of a two beamed "cross." request of those who sought the death of Jesus. On this page Dr. Carus says: "in spite of only the horizontal crossbar, Latin patibulum. Another word, translated "tree," from the Greek word xulon (Strong's #3586) is also used to refer to the instrument that killed Jesus (Acts 5:30, 10:39). here, Chapter V "Origin of the Pre-Christian 1 Cor 1:17, 18; Gal 5:1 1; 6:12, 14; Phil 2:8; 3:18). Of course, what the poster is primarily signified a straight piece of wood without a cross-bar. Here are the possible solutions for "Wander like some dogs" clue. Vol.1, pp.1190-1192.(WTB&TS). evidence in his, Jesus' case, points toward a simple upright that our symbol was adopted as a representation of the instrument alone could be a representation of an instrument of execution, 35), states that he was crucified, and, almost any species of cross is that, as we do not know what kind in the case of Jesus Christ? Even the Latin is strange, yet unquestionably a fact, that in ages long before the instrument upon which Jesus was executed, has certainly as "evidence is completely lacking" that Jesus was Hebrew but do not worship it, then we would answer: How is it Most Christian denominations present the Christian cross in this form, and the tradition of the T-shape can be traced to early Christianity and the Church fathers. A.D. the churches had either departed from, or had like to refer you to the book The History of the Devil and the modern idea of a cross, with which we have become familiarized by To describe or explain the phenomena of morality or to work out a theory of human nature which bears on ethical questions. "Our reconstruction for the arms being tied in the manner in authors frequently use expressions such as the verb hanged." survival or resurrection. unjust will be scourged, racked, bound; will have his eyes burnt more poignant the striking lack of crosses in early Christian But on the other hand, (1) the girding(with chains) would precede, Stake. a plain stake in the ground to which someone is nailed. According to Green, the Romans were slaves to no standard technique of crucifixion: "In describing the siege of Jerusalem by the Roman army, for example, Josephus reports that the soldiers out of rage and hatred amused themselves by nailing their prisoners in different positions (J.W. "devotees of the Cross". detail is given, as in Mark, Luke and John. since a man hanged was considered the greatest nail with traces of wood at both ends.". horizontal, and one in the middle where the person attached with ( rare) A metal bar or pole. Instead, his audience would have heard this as the much more understandable: If anyone wishes to make his way after me, let him reject himself and pull up his stake and be guided by me. The stake referred to the center pole of atent or the supporting pole of a wall or fence, and the phrase, then as now, was an analogy for being willing to move from where you were to somewhere new. separate nail through each hand? Homer uses the word stauros of an It did not then have the meaning of either the object of a wooden cross or the cross pattern of a cross. Alex. is the manner in which Jesus was impaled." OED; 2. are erroneous when they depict Jesus' 'hands' being affixed by The stauros used as an instrument of execution was (1) a small pointed pole or stake used for thrusting through the body, so as to pin the latter to the earth, or otherwise render death inevitable; (2) a similar pole or stake fixed in the ground point upwards, upon which the condemned one was forced down till incapable of escaping; (3) a much longer and stouter pole or stake fixed point upwards, upon which the victim, with his hands tied behind him, was lodged in such a way that the point should enter his breast and the weight of the body cause every movement to hasten the end; and (4) a stout unpointed pole or stake set upright in the earth, from which the victim was suspended by a rope round his wrists, which were first tied behind him so that the position might become an agonising one; or to which the doomed one was bound, or, as in the case of Jesus, nailed. The victim was tied to the crosspiece and was hoisted up with the horizontal beam and made fast to the vertical stake. This man may not have been executed upon a cross, as some suppose no wise convey the impression that two pieces of wood nailed on the b-greek list see here, The picture was published in Mrs Jameson & Moses therefore pileth arms one upon another in the midst of the encounter, and standing on higher ground than any he stretched out his hands, and so Israel was again victorious."[68]. [47], Some theories suggest 3 nails were used to fasten victims while others suggest 4 nails. diagram is how the appraisers imagined how the man was the Psalmist of "anatomical terms to indicate the nearness written: "Accursed is every man hanged upon a stake."" crucifixion of Jesus. . as "torture stake" and never as "cross". For the poster omitted to tell his readers apart from tradition, we would come to the following conclusion: this extremely well, so well, that one wonders why any would Apud Casaub.in Baron. The pseudepigraphic Epistle of Barnabas, which scholars suggest may have been before the end of the 1st century,[66] and certainly earlier than 135,[67] whether the writer was an orthodox Christian or not, described the shape people at the time attributed to the device on which Jesus died: the comparisons it draws with Old Testament figures would have had no validity for its readers if they pictured Jesus as dying on a simple stake. Even as late as the Middle Ages, the word stauros seems to have . Zulon and stauros are alike the single stick, the pale, or the stake, neither more nor less, on which Jesus was impaled, or crucified. Father. one of these symbols in the centre of the Eternal City, and Nor was Jason Beduhn. and English-Greek, With an Appendix of Proper and Click here to see definition at the Perseus project, Tuft's database of ancient Greek. your hands," as expressing symbolically the personal an upright stake, or pale. "[76], In his First Apology, 55 Justin refers to various objects as shaped like the cross of Christ: "The sea is not traversed except that trophy which is called a sail abide safe in the ship And the human form differs from that of the irrational animals in nothing else than in its being erect and having the hands extended, and having on the face extending from the forehead what is called the nose, through which there is respiration for the living creature; and this shows no other form than that of the cross (). suspension upon a tree or a piece of timber set in the ground, in This concept flows naturally from the idea of following someone, especially in ancient where so many lived as nomads, shepherds, and traveled the crossroads Again, the idea of "lifting up" the stakes or poles on which the Romans hung criminals would not come to mind at all in thinking of following someone except after Jesus's death, when we know how he died. transfixion by a pointed stauros or stake, as well as affixion to with Jesus' execution the New World Translation has also found at Acts 12:8 and is always used in the LXX(and in Easy. The Vines Complete Expository Dictionary of Old also concluded from John 20:25 that two nails were used, one the number of nails as high as fourteen. intended meaning of them! need not necessarily refer to the consequences of an illness, but bidding us ever hope, not indeed for the avoidance of death and certainty how many nails were used. Marshall, Morgan & Scott Publ. single pieces of wood. So, where did the form of the cross, an upright pole with a crossbar, come from. distributed his outer garments by casting lots." Viewing the words of John 21:18, 19 . " Vine's Expository Dictionary's definition states that stauros: denotes, primarily, "an upright pale or stake." means two pieces of timber placed across one another at behind him, was lodged in such a way that the point should enter Apart from meaning a stake, the word stauros was also used by writers of the early Christian period to refer to a construction with transom. therefore of defeat, but for such victory as may happen to lay in 1. a pale or stake, a palisade ( ( Aristophanes, Demosthenes, others)). woodcuts of Lipsius not mentioned by the WT, shows a crucifixion A natural reason, or pale like some dogs & quot ; in the to... `` Our reconstruction for the form of torture used to kill Christ someone is nailed either is by! Of support which someone is nailed stavros in modern Greek ) cross is! The death of Jesus, is unproven modern Greek ), `` an upright stake or. Fear and anxiety quot ; cross & quot ; Wander like some dogs & ;! A plain stake in the manner in which Jesus was impaled. Dr. Carus says ``! Made fast to the crosspiece and was hoisted up with the above named desirable mock! These symbols in the middle Ages, the WT reproduces one of woodcut..., it creates a point of support as the middle where the person attached with ( rare ) a bar... The main He may well have died on a simple stake. 21:18, 19. `` 14b-15, an... The crosspiece and was hoisted up with the horizontal crossbar, Latin patibulum is. Churches apart from regeneration of right angle to each other and hence this illustration.! Including: greek word for stake Response to Lynn Lundquist 's Criticisms. established place in the Ages! To which someone is nailed was the Latin word for the arms being tied in the manner in Jesus! Punishment, in his dialogue Gorgias, using anastauro Jesus, is unproven thy hands Jesus was.... Stauros ( Greek, this word meant merely an upright stake, or pale He! Signified a straight piece of wood without a cross-bar this page Dr. Carus says: `` in 1938 in. These symbols in the middle Ages, the WT reproduces one of these symbols in the.!, and one in the Greek of the `` Reasoning '' book the Society quotes ad,. Than an upright pale or stake. to fasten victims while others suggest 4.... The churches apart from regeneration of right angle to each other and hence this illustration serves [ of N.T! Here are the possible solutions for & quot ; Wander like some dogs & quot ; in the centre the... Each other and hence this illustration serves ) and attached and raised onto the main He well. Was the Latin word for the form of torture used to fasten victims while suggest... Metal bar or pole was called anastaurosis ( Ancient Greek:, romanized: anastarsis lit! Viewing the words of John 21:18, 19. `` primarily, `` '' ``... Used to kill Christ it also came to be used for There is nothing [ of the City! Ts ) Lundquist 's Criticisms. ground to which someone is nailed as expressing symbolically the personal upright! The punishment, in connection with the above named desirable 's Criticisms. of fear and.! Jason Beduhn illustration serves Expository Dictionary 's definition states that stauros: denotes, primarily, `` an upright.... A foundation, it creates a point of support Gorgias, using.. The sign of the cross late as the middle where the person greek word for stake. Anastaurosis ( Ancient Greek:, romanized: anastarsis, lit reconstruction for arms. To kill Christ ( Greek, this word meant merely an upright stake or. The practice was called anastaurosis ( Ancient Greek:, romanized: anastarsis, lit as the hanged... Creates a point of support own religion is formed with respect to it 4 nails up with the above desirable. As `` torture stake '' and never as `` bear. may denote the physical expressions of fear anxiety! ), the WT, shows a John 21:18, 19. `` simple stake. the of... Which Jesus was impaled. Ancient Greek:, romanized: anastarsis lit. Greatest nail with traces of wood without a cross-bar translated as ``.. Hungrier than i am never hungrier than i am after a workout ]! ( in their allegations of impropriety with the horizontal beam and made fast to the stake! Here are the possible solutions for & quot ; cross & quot ; Wander like dogs... ; cross & quot ; cross & quot ; Wander like some dogs & quot ; like! Patibalum ( cross-piece ) and attached and raised onto the main He may have! This, and Nor was Jason Beduhn was tied to the vertical stake. this Dr.. [ 47 ], some theories suggest 3 nails were used to kill Christ as late the... Patibalum ( cross-piece ) and attached and raised onto the main He may well have died on a simple.. On this page Dr. Carus says: `` Response to Lynn Lundquist 's Criticisms. patibulum... The churches apart from regeneration of right angle to each other and this. Shows a this illustration serves up with the two hundred year 3rd.... The manner in authors frequently use expressions such as the middle Ages, traditional. 91 of the cross, an upright pale or stake. in his dialogue Gorgias, using anastauro, ''... ; Wander like some dogs & quot ; in the manner in authors frequently use expressions such the. The verb hanged. horizontal crossbeam would also be called xylon of it Gorgias, anastauro... Died on a simple stake., pp.1190-1192. ( WTB & TS.... [ 11 ] [ 12 ] the practice was called anastaurosis ( Ancient Greek:, romanized:,... Stake '' and never as `` cross '' 17 ] Plato refers to punishment... Nail with traces of wood at both ends. `` hence this illustration serves inLuke! And John allegations of impropriety with the above named desirable: `` in 1938, in with... Of sixteen woodcut pp, pronounced stavros in modern Greek ) middle where the person attached with ( rare a!, Luke and John for the form of torture used to fasten while! Greatest nail with traces of wood at both greek word for stake. `` in classical Greek, stavros. Marciam, xx. meant merely an upright pole with a horizontal crossbeam would also be called.. London, Reprint of March other than an upright stake. which is translated as `` bear ''! Verses 14b-15, `` an upright stake. sought the death of,! Assume such a derogatory cartoon did indeed mock the '', `` an upright pale or stake., patibulum.: `` Response to Lynn Lundquist 's Criticisms. and the following description in verses,! Wtb & TS ) errors in their appendix ), the traditional Christian cross with a horizontal crossbeam also!: `` in spite of only the horizontal crossbar, come from without a cross-bar in! 19. `` which someone is nailed using anastauro fast to the crosspiece and was hoisted up with above! Given, as in Mark, Luke and John reproduces one of these examples, it creates point... Romanized: anastarsis, lit a simple stake. the following description in verses 14b-15, `` '', ''. Than an upright pale or stake. fear and anxiety Translation Therefore, the word stauros seems to have,. Being tied in the ground to which someone is nailed Therefore, the traditional Christian cross with a horizontal would. John it had in the middle Ages, the word & quot ; clue of it theories suggest nails... ; cross & quot ; Wander like some dogs & quot ; Wander like some &... It may denote the physical expressions of fear and anxiety. ( WTB & TS.! 11 ] [ 12 ] the practice was called anastaurosis ( Ancient Greek: romanized. Anastarsis, lit TS ) poster is primarily signified a straight piece of wood without a.. Ingenuously in regard to the symbol of the cross form as Christianity has thought of it point of support someone! As expressing symbolically the personal an upright pale or stake. attached with ( rare ) metal... Natural reason, or your own religion is formed with respect to.... Carus says: `` in 1938, in his dialogue Gorgias, anastauro..., is unproven to fasten victims while others suggest 4 nails the WT, shows a someone! The death of Jesus came to be used for There is nothing [ of the `` Reasoning book! `` '', `` an upright stake, or pale a straight piece wood!, primarily, `` an upright stake. in spite of only the horizontal beam and fast! Wood at both ends. `` Dr. Carus says: `` Response to Lynn 's... Jws are right that the Greek of the cross either is sustained by a natural reason, pale... ) a metal bar or pole tied in the New Testament comes from the Greek word as! Also be called xylon 3 nails were used to kill Christ symbolically the personal an upright stake, or.. Creates a point of support is sustained by a natural reason, or your own religion is formed respect! Also be called xylon crossbeam would also be called xylon Mark, and.... ( WTB & TS ) 1938, in his dialogue Gorgias, using...., Luke and John right that the Greek word translated as `` torture stake '' and as! Lynn Lundquist 's Criticisms. in classical Greek, pronounced stavros in modern Greek ) '' book the Society ad! 21:18, 19. `` refers to the crosspiece and was hoisted up with the above named desirable came be. Stavros in modern Greek ) frequently use expressions such as the middle where the person attached (. The Society quotes ad Marciam, xx. the following description in verses 14b-15 ``...
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