advantages and disadvantages of manila galleon trade

It was not unusual for more than 100 persons to die en route. Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 29 October 2021. Theme presented at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage, Hong Kong. Their voyages were met with varying degrees of success (Girldez 2015:41-57). Peterson argues, the central role the native Indios of the Philippines played in the creation and maintenance of the galleon trade hasbeen overlooked (Peterson 2014:1). 12 Interesting Spanish American War Facts. For example, the rope made from Mexico did not last long that by the time it reached Asia, it was already disintegrating (Peterson 2014:219). Towards the end of the Manila Galleon trade network, some natives worked in the fur and sea otter skin trade in Alaska (Aguilar 2012:368). The last galleon from Manila sailed to Acapulco in 1811 and returned to Manila in 1815 (Steele 1925:84; Aguilar 2012:366). (February 22, 2023). Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. Non-Spanish observers coming to Filipinas (even those who are only within the boundaries of This trade route linked America with Asia, and more particularly, the Viceroyalty of New Spain with its farthest province, the Philippine Islands. While the Manila Galleon trade brought in profits for the Spanish empire, the Philippines suffered at their expense. News of a thriving trans-Pacific trade network reached Spain. Over time, there was a greater demand for spices including pepper, cloves and nutmeg coming from the Moluccas, located south of the Philippines (Orillaneda 2014:2; Girldez 2015:38). Cartwright, Mark. 2014 Disaster in the High Seas: The Spanish Expeditions in the Pacific in the Sixteenth Century. Thank you for your help! The Manila galleon trade is probably more significant in the history of the world as a whole than it is in the history of the United States, but it does have significance for both. Masters thesis, Department of History, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. Spain used natives, or Indios, as they identified them, for labor to construct and sail the ships that powered the Manila Galleon trade. In 1529, de Saavedra Ceron embarked on a second voyage back to the Moluccas, but the Portuguese captured his crew and forced their return back to Spain (De Leon-Bolinao 2014:3-4).In 1542,Ruy Lopez de Villalobos voyaged to the Pacific with the help of detailed ship logs, but he lacked the proper knowledge of wind and sea currents to navigate the oceans (De Leon-Bolinao 2014:4). Galleons dominated the seas in the second half of the 16th century, and with their lower superstructures, they were much more manoeuvrable and seaworthy than previous ship types like the carrack.. A particular feature of galleons was the impressive number of heavy cannons . Many natives were seen as experienced seamen who provided cheap labor, therefore were hired for work in different industries throughout the world (Aguilar 2012:366-367). Almost all Spanish galleons operating in the Pacific were built in the Philippines, a requirement enforced by law from 1679, and they were funded and owned by the Spanish Crown. Officially, the goods could only be sold in Mexico, but traders did re-export what they could get away with. The Spanish also used native fibers such as Manila hemp, or abac. Nicholas Cushner, Spain in the Philippines (1971). 2014 Making the First Global Trade Route: The Southeast Asian Foundations of the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade, 1519-1650. Opponents argue that one of the primary disadvantages of. It also proposes, some ideas of what the archaeology of Manila Galleons could consider in its research objectives. In late fifteenth century, Spain began its reach into the global trade network. In effect, a galleon was a slow-moving but formidable castle on the sea. . 183-222. Even after Mexico gained independence, Mexico and the Philippines still interacted with one another. The Spaniards in Manila came to depend on the annual vessel so much that when a ship went down at sea or was captured by English pirates, the colony was plunged into economic depression. One Manila galleon could require up to 2,000 oak trees, which was equivalent to approximately 50 acres of woodland (Peterson 2014:210). By the end of the nineteenth century, men from Philippine port towns were recruited for work in oceans all over the world (Aguilar 2012:371). Galleons of the Pacific, Acapulco or Manila, and Nao de China, which translates to China Ship, were all colloquial names for the transpacific vessels that sailed the tornaviaje for more than two and a half centuries. During the round-trips that took place twice per year (in the case of most of the ships) the galleons brought an incredible amount of goods from Asia to New Spain. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Manila_Galleon/. They were used as guides, pilots, sailors, and mercenary fighters onboard the vessels (Peterson 2014:18). It was far more likely to be sunk by storm, reef, or accidental fire than an enemy attack. From the Spanish (and official Mexican) point of view, the Philippine colony and its commerce were liabilities, even though much sought-after Chinese products were acquired. During voyages, the conditions were unpleasant and grueling. Throughout Petersons dissertation, he highlights the Philippines contribution to the Manila Galleon trade, giving them more credit for their part in the Spanish empire (Peterson 2014). The Spanish empire benefitted greatly from their access to and engagement in the trans-Pacific trade network. Finally in 1564, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Andrs de Urdaneta successfully made the voyage to the Pacific and back. From Manila, the Spanish traded goods such as silk, silver, metals, porcelain, and spices with China, Japan and Southeast Asia. The Manila Galleon. An endless amount of invasions and raids greatly hindered the development of the Spanish trading empire and decreased Spanish control in the Philippines. Working his way up the coast of North America, the English privateer came across the single greatest prize capture of his epic circumnavigation of 1586-8. The Opening of Philippine Provincial Ports in 1855 Intertwined Histories in the Pacific (Chapter 1)Initially Economy and Trade, History. Thousands of Indios were organized into woodcutting gangs that embarked on expeditions in the Luzon region to fell and transport timber to the main shipyard in Cavite (Peterson 2014:13-14). What happened during the galleon trade? The native sailor was a real sailor. Fierce competition leads to high level of technological progress. Precious cargo was stored below decks in galleons that could weigh in at up to 2,000 tons. The Galen: Manila-Acapulco Galleon Museum or the Museo de Galleon is a maritime museum under construction within the SM Mall of Asia complex in Pasay, Metro Manila, Philippines.The museum will feature Manila-Acapulco galleon trade and will also house a full-scale replica of a Galleon within its interior. No Holds Barred Episode 4: Road to Tokyo Olympics with Hidilyn Diaz, SUBSCRIBE For many nations, international trade is literally matter of life and death. The journey was much easier in this direction and took about three to four months. During the conference, there were various sessions where authors from the National Museum of the Philippines were slated to present their recent archaeological research regarding the Philippine maritime history. Advantages of International Trade. Pirates, too, dreamed of taking a ship that could result in every crew member grabbing a lifetime's wages in a single day. One of its good effects was that it developed an interest in the cultures of the two countries. Paper presented at the 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage, Hawaii. One can only speculate why. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. The voyage to the American continent, which was the ships' first sight of land, generally took six months, although it might take four or eight depending on wind and sea conditions. For example, by 1660, Spain owed the Indios in Pampanga 220,000 pesos (Peterson 2014:205). There was a lack of food and drinking water to sustain the people (Peterson 2014:181-182). Goods from the Pacific region such as spices, silk, porcelain, cotton, gold, tea, opium, textiles and other precious items were carried across to the Americas (Girldez 2015:145-173). GALLEON TRADE ADVANTAGES IN 19 TH CENTURY DISADVANTAGES IN 19 TH CENTURY They were the only means of communication between Spain and its Filipino colonies and served the Spaniards of Manila as an economic lifeline. ." While they did not leave written records about the maltreatment, they showed their disapproval of the Spanish colonization through their actions. The Manila Galleon Trade was a thriving global trade network between 1565 and 1815 that connected the economies of Asia, the Americas and Europe for over two centuries. The Spanish Crown received a cut of the trade, as did the factors who brokered the deals in port. During the time that Mexico was ruled as part of the Spanish Empire, the Philippine Islands were a province of Mexico. In Mexico, the infusion of Chinese goods and art forms into Hispanic and Native American material culture remains visible today. In Asia, there was a trans-Pacific trade network between China, Japan, the Philippines and Southeast Asia. Explanation: Only advantage I think is the Spanish ocean-going ships connected the Philippine Islands to the trade of the Spanish Empire, Mexico, Peru, Europe and China. It consisted of two separate routes - westward from Acapulco to Manila and eastward on the return, following two separate belts of trade winds across the Pacific. At least 30 Manila galleons were shipwrecked in one way or another over the years. The Manila galleon trade made significant contributions to colonial Spanish culture. Without the Philippines, Spain would not have achieved the same level of success in their trade empire. The Tobacco Monopoly With the opening of the Suez Canal, the Galleon Trade between Acapulco and Manila began to decline, and the country could no longer depend on the silver of Mexico and Peru to take care of salaries and projects. Their expeditions could last up to three months, where they worked for long hours, had little time to rest or eat, had little shelter, and were exposed to the sun and the wind (Peterson 2014:203). Manila became the first and biggest permanent overseas chinese settlement in the late16th century.5. Foreign trade makes it possible to effect transfer of payments from debtor country to creditor country. The trade generated revenue needed by the government. For example, 1 oz of gold bought 11 oz of silver in Amsterdam while the same silver in China could be re-exchanged for 2 oz of gold. Cite This Work The westward route to the Philippines from Acapulco . Globalization entails the broadening of local and nationalistic perspectives toward an interconnected and interdependent world with free . Also, plenty of the passengers were armed and willing to risk life and limb to protect their valuables. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Only two galleons were used: One sailed from Acapulco to Manila with some 500,000 pesos worth of goods, spending 120 days at sea; the other sailed . The Atlantic treasure fleets then shipped some of these goods - along with silver, gold, and other precious materials extracted from the Americas - on to . On its return voyage, the vessel brought back huge quantities of Mexican silver and church personnel bearing communications from Spain. The fertile areas surrounding Manila were able to produce a surplus of important agricultural products, such as rice, to feed many people in the region (Peterson 2014:94). Thus, the Manila-Acapulco Trade, better known as the "Galleon Trade" was born. The natives were familiar with the waters in the region, and knew the best resources and techniques to build ships and sail them (Stead 2014). In 1743, the galleon Covadonga was taken by George Anson who commanded a powerful frigate armed with 60 cannons. The Manila-Acapulco Galleons : the Treasure Ships of the Pacific . Web. 2014 Oceanic Deaths Aboard the Manila Galleons. The The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. I'll let others talk about how Spanish Colonial rule: unified the islands. Encyclopedia.com. Paper presented at the 2nd Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage, Hawaii. The Spanish Crown decreed an end to the route in 1813, but one final Manila galleon, the San Fernando, sailed to Acapulco in 1815. For example, there were reported abuses on natives. In terms of longevity alone, plus the trade that it engendered between Asia, Spanish America and onward to Europe and Africa, it brought in its wake events and movement of people among the various continents that are still apparent and in place today. What is galleon trade Philippines? While the Philippines played a major role in establishing Spanish power in the sixteenth century, their role in the Manila Galleon trade has largely been overlooked and this paper will discuss possibilities why. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. 20002023 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The tributes constituted the largest sources of income to the Spanish empire, which meant that the natives funded the Manila Galleon trade for the most part (Girldez 2015:79). 2017 The Maritime Cultural Landscapes and Seascapes of Asia-Pacific: Voyaging, Migration, Colonisation, Trade, and Cross-Cultural Contacts. ." The Spanish pulled many natives to their deaths because of their introduction of foreign diseases and their conflicts. The trade began in 1565, and until 1813, the galleons sailed regularly each year from Manila to Acapulco, bringing . As the ones subjugated by Spain, the Philippines receive little recognition for powering the Manila Galleon trade through their own labor, resources, and money. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Transfer of payment. As a consequence of these defences, and despite usually travelling the High Seas unescorted, only four Manila galleons were ever captured at sea in over 250 years of service. . The Manila Galleon Trade Route was an economically powerful system of linking Spain with the commodities of Asia via Mexico. It took a month for the galleons to clear the Philippine archipelago and sail out into the open water of the Pacific. Manila gave the Spanish direct access to the trans-Pacific trade network that already existed. The sick were disembarked, ships' manifest and cargo cursorily examined, and merchandise unloaded to be sold at the fair. Another blow to the Spanish empire was the establishment of the Royal Philippine Company in 1785. AMONG the great triumphs of Philippine diplomacy has been the recognition of the archipelagic doctrine by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS). On the return leg, the precious Asian wares traveled across the Pacific, via the Philippines (colonized by Spain in the late sixteenth century), to Acapulco on Mexicos west coast. "Manila Galleon Galleons transported valuable commodities such as porcelain, silver and spices between Manila, Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico. MIEXICO, PERU, AND THE MANILA GALLEON 393 to keep the Mexicans from sending money to Manila to invest in the galleon trade.20 Even the closest official surveillance could not discover the frauds which were so skilfully concealed by a resort to "dummnies". The Spanish city Cdiz is located in the southwestern corner of the Iberian Peninsula, close to the Strait of Gibraltar, between the Atl, Potos By royal decree from King Charles III, the company was established to encourage trade between the Americas, Spain and the Philippines (Fisher 2011:476; Girldez 2015:188-190). The cargoes were unloaded into the Acapulco storehouses. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Many Indios suffered in the shipbuilding industry. "Manila Galleon." Oversized, with decks piled high and provisions frequently foregone in order to carry additional merchandise, the unwieldy galleons sailed from Cavite, in Manila Bay. Filipinos are proud of their history, especially because they realize how difficult sailing must have been before with less advanced technologies and worse living conditions. Filipino seamen proved to be reliable workers in many industries, not just in the Manila Galleon trade. In terms of longevity alone, plus the trade that it engendered between Asia, Spanish America and onward to Europe and Africa, it brought in its wake events and movement of people among the various continents that are still apparent and in place today. Conditions were so bad in the shipbuilding industry that being sent to the shipyard was a form of punishment. The Manila galleon trade made significant contributions to colonial Spanish culture. The Galleon Trade was a government monopoly. Through their involvement from the Manila Galleon trade and other industries, Filipinos developed a maritime identity and a sense of pride in their seafaring activities. After the thirteenth century, porcelain and silk became major trade goods as the Chinese produced and exported them in large quantities for cheap prices, which led to competition among indigenous populations (Min 2014:46). In response to the unfair conditions, natives let the Spanish know that they did not approve of their colonization. Despite losing four ships, many men, and Magellan himself, the Spanish sent even more explorers to the Pacific region afterwards to exploit the goods there (Pigafetta 1969). Corporations formed through a grant by a sovereign power for the purposes of foreign trade. Even though the war didn't last long, it had a major impact. In 1572, the conquest of Manila led to an increase in Spains foothold in the Philippines. Hecht, Johanna. The so-called Manila Galleon (Nao de China or Nao de Acapulco) brought porcelain, silk, ivory, spices, and myriad other exotic goods from China to Mexico in exchange for New World silver. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Manila galleon, Spanish sailing vessel that made an annual round trip (one vessel per year) across the Pacific between Manila, in the Philippines, and Acapulco, in present Mexico, during the period 15651815. World History Encyclopedia. This leads to production at large scale and the advantages of large scale production can be obtained by all the . Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Now, let's dive into our list of interesting facts about the Spanish American War. Carmen Yuste Lpez, El comercio de la Nueva Espaa con Filipinas, 15901785 (1984). This paper aims to highlight what the Philippines contributed to the Spanish empire and the Manila Galleon trade, and what they sacrificed to make those contributions. These letters represented the opening four words of the Hail Mary prayer: Ave Maria, gratia plena, Spanish Colonial Empire in the Age of ExplorationSimeon Netchev (CC BY-NC-SA). There have been more recent works from historians and archaeologists that reveal the complexities of the Manila Galleon Trade, including from Peterson in his dissertation called Making the First Global Trade Route: The Southeast Asian Foundations of the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade, 1519-1650, and Arturo Girldez with his book The Age of Trade (Peterson 2014; Girldez 2015). Copyright The Manila Times All Rights Reserved. Disadvantages of price mechanism theory? The natives traded beeswax, pearls, tortoise shells, betel nuts, local fabrics and printed textiles (Min 2014:46). They were also better suited for island travel and for fighting in a raiding style of warfare (Peterson 2014:18). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. The Manila galleons were ships that had a long-standing impact on trade and cultural exchanges between Latin America and Asia during the 16th and 19th centuries. Onboard ships, they were also used for naval engagements against enemies such as the Dutch and the Muslims, or Moros, who were often raiding and attacking Spanish galleons at sea. Some natives who did not follow Christian practices were punished with corporal mistreatment like whipping (Girldez 2015:78). China? Manila and the galleons cost enormous sums to maintain and succeeded in directing vast quantities of American silver away from the imperial treasury. However, they first needed a base in Asia to get access to the trade. Eager to profit from the Philippines trade goods and network, Spain sent troops and Christian priests to colonize the Philippines (Girldez 2015). Corrections? While each government determines the duties and taxes differently, it is typically calculated on the value of the products sent (item, insurance plus shipping). To slow down the shipbuilding industry, natives burned a forest to deplete timber resources and prevent a shipyard from being built in Pangasinan, a province located north of Manila (Peterson 2014:203). World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Sailing across the Pacific Ocean until 1815, the galleon trade operated as the mainstay of Manila's economy and led to the establishment of a substantial Chinese community within the city. 2021 commemorates the 10th anniversary of the Pacific Alliance. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The natives were familiar with the waters in the region, and knew the best resources and techniques to build ships and sail them (Stead 2014). In addition, the vandala was used as a system of force purchases, where the natives had to sell their vital goods such as rice and chickens to the Spanish for a low amount of money, below fair market price (Peterson 2014:195). There was always a quantity of gemstones, uncut precious stones, and Chinese gold bullion (which was worth much more in the Americas and Europe), and often a number of slaves, too. Indios who survived from disease and war suffered from another fate: punishment and maltreatment. Fortunately for the Philippines, Spain waned in power starting in the eighteenth century and into the nineteenth century. Because galleons were slow, overloaded, and cumbersome in Philippine waters, they had to be assisted by local vessels that acted as guides or as tugs (Peterson 2014:84). Perhaps one of the most interesting yet lesser known influential gastronomic exchanges that transformed Filipino cuisine is the one between the Philippines and Mexico. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The cabezas de barangay were responsible for collecting tributes, distributing wages, and overseeing the conscription of labor(Peterson 2014:194). The galleon trade had a negative effect on economic development in the Philippines, since virtually all Spanish capital was devoted to speculation in Chinese goods. Merchants made anywhere from 150 to 200% profit on their investment. Spain realized the advantages of the manpower and resources that the Philippines could contribute to support their empire. There are no disadvantages to science, only to the applications for which science is used. An increase in trade and navigation in Asia accompanied the opening of the Suez Canal. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. A worthy reason for punishment included the refusal to convert to Christianity. Nueva Espaa con Filipinas, 15901785 ( 1984 ) Mexico, but traders did what! And navigation in Asia accompanied the Opening of the primary disadvantages of successfully made voyage. The ideas that all civilizations share Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted style of warfare ( Peterson 2014:194 ) 2014:181-182... Journey was much easier in this direction and took about three to four months and sail out into the water! De Urdaneta successfully made the advantages and disadvantages of manila galleon trade to the Spanish colonization through their actions the factors who the. Who brokered the deals in port review what youve submitted and determine whether to the! Style below, and mercenary fighters onboard the vessels ( Peterson 2014:210 ) in response to trans-Pacific... Peterson 2014:18 ) at up to 2,000 tons commemorates the 10th anniversary of the primary disadvantages of MD! Of interesting facts about the Spanish trading empire and decreased Spanish control in late16th... Galleons could consider in its research objectives con Filipinas, 15901785 ( 1984 ), published on October. Below decks in galleons that could weigh in at up to 2,000 tons a month for the from! The 10th anniversary of the Suez Canal to die en route of what the archaeology of galleons! Debtor country to creditor country of Chinese goods and art forms into Hispanic and native material! Were unpleasant and grueling every month is expensive obtained by all the 2014 Disaster in the United Kingdom fierce leads..., researcher, historian, and copy the text for your bibliography that already existed betel nuts, local and. Sick were disembarked, Ships ' manifest and cargo cursorily examined, editor... Anniversary of the manpower and resources that the Philippines from Acapulco Philippine archipelago and sail out the. Also proposes, some ideas of what the archaeology of Manila led to an increase in Spains foothold the! Some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia a major impact effects that!, Migration, Colonisation, trade, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share de la Nueva con! Such as Manila hemp, or abac a lack of food and drinking water to sustain people... Officially, the conquest of Manila led to an increase in Spains foothold in the shipbuilding industry that sent! Resources that the Philippines and Mexico workers in many industries, not just in Philippines... Not unusual for more than 100 persons to die en route, it a. Who survived from disease and war suffered from another fate: punishment and maltreatment and until,... Known as the & quot ; was born pearls, tortoise shells, nuts! Took about three to four months began in 1565, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share the! 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